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Historical plaques from the
War of 1812
A look at some of the markers around Ontario
that commemorate Brock and the War of 1812
Niagara-on-the-lake
Fort George
Constructed by order of Lieutenant-Governor John G. Simcoe in 1796-99,
Fort George served as the headquarters for Major-General Brock in
1812. In 1813 it was bombarded and captured by the Americans who
constructed fortifications of their own on the site. These in turn were re-
taken by the British in December, 1813. In 1814 Ft George was
described as tumbling into ruins and ordered abandoned. The present
works are a re-construction done in 1837-40 and represent the fort as it
was in 1799-1813. Only the magazine of the original fort remains.
Fort George
There was a prevailing sense of insecurity on the Niagara Frontier in the
closing months of 1811 and the early months of 1812. War with the
United States seemed inevitable and military and civilians alike were
anxiously preparing for it. War did come and before it ended Fort George
was completely destroyed. Fort George was reconstructed between
1937-40 on the foundations of the original.
The Field House (near 15276 Niagara River Parkway)
One of the oldest brick houses in Ontario, this handsome Georgian
structure was built about 1800. Originally a farm house, it was the home
of Gilbert Field (1765-1815), a United Empire Loyalist who was in
possession of the land by 1790. During the War of 1812 the house was
used by British forces and was subjected to a brief bombardment from
an American battery.
Thought damaged it was one of few houses in the area to survive the
hostilities. It remained in the Field family until about 1925, after which it
passed through various hands. In 1968 the Ontario Heritage Foundation
acquired the property to ensure its continued preservation and twelve
years later the Field House was returned to private ownership with a
projective covenant. Erected by the Ontario Heritage Foundation,
Minister of Culture and Communications.
Brown’s Point (marker on Trail 2 miles south of Queenston)
Brown’s Inn was located here. Both the Canadian York Militia and the
American army bivouacked near here on separate occasions during the
War of 1812. Adam Brown later added a store to his inn and built a
wharf on the river shore below where sailing ships loaded settlers’
produced, potash and lime destined for Montreal and overseas. Erected
by the Niagara Parks Commission.
Brown’s Point (stone marker on trail 2 miles south of Queenston)
Here General Sir Isaac Brock called out on his way to Queenston Heights
13 October 1812, “Push On York Volunteers”. Stone marker placed by
the Niagara Historical Society in 1915.
Vrooman’s Battery (National Historic Site - Parkway near 14759
Niagara River Parkway, Queenston)
Manned by Captain Samuel Hatt’s 5th Lincoln Militia Regiment and a
small party of Lincoln Militia Artillery under Lieutenant John Ball, and
consisting of a 24 pounder cannon mounted within a crescent-shaped
earthwork, this battery was engaged in the Battle Queenston Heights
on the 13th October, 1812. Commanding the Niagara River, its
continuous fire harassed the Americans crossing from Lewiston, provided
cover for the British when they were first repulsed from the heights and
supported later attempts to regain them. Historic Sites and Monuments
Board of Canada Government of Canada 1929.
Queenston
Major John Richardson 1796-1852 (on grounds of Laura Secord
Elementary School)
This pioneer historian, author and soldier was born in Queenston. His
family moved to Amherstburg about 1802 and at the outbreak of the
War of 1812 Richardson joined the British army. Retired at half-pay in
London, England, he published the epic poem “Tecumseh” and the
celebrated historical novel “Wacousta” which established his literary
reputation. In 1838 Richardson returned to Upper Canada where he
published two weekly newspapers, the New Era 1841-42 and the
Canadian Loyalist 1844. His later works “Eight Years in Canada” and
“The War of 1812" provided invaluable historical information. In 1848 he
moved to New York City where he died in poverty. Erected by the
Archeological and Historic Sites Board 1960.
Queenston Baptist Church
In 1808 the Reverend Elkanah Holmes, a missionary from the United
States, had organized the first Baptist congregation in Queenston.
Following the War of 1812 the congregation declined, was recognized in
1831 and between 1842-45 erected this rough-cut limestone structure
as its church. It is an early and interesting example of a Gothic revival
style in this province. The church had closed by 1918 and in 1928 was
sold to the Women’s Institute which occupied the building until 1954. In
1970 it was acquired by Dr. Djamal Afrukhteh who donated it to the
Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake. After a fund-rising campaign by the
Queenston Community Association the building was removed and in
December 1972 was officially opened as the Queenston Library and
Community Centre. Erected by the Archeological and Historic Sites Board
Ministry of Colleges and Universities
The Founding of Queenston (East side of Queenston Street just north
of Laura Secord Homestead)
Following the loss after the American Revolution of the Niagara River’s
east bank, a new portage around Niagara Falls was established in the
1780s with Queenston its northern terminus. Wharves, storehouses and
a blockhouse were built. Robert Hamilton, a prominent merchant,
considered the village’s founder, operated a thriving trans-shipment
business. Known as the lower landing, it was named Queenston by
Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe. During the War of 1812 the village was
badly damaged. Here lived such well-known figures as Laura Secord and
William Lyon Mackenzie. Despite loss of commerce following the opening
of the Welland Canal in 1829, Queenston later served as a terminus for
the province’s first horse-drawn railway. Queenston was incorporated
into the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake in 1970. Erected by the
Archeological and Historic Sties Board Ministry of Colleges and
Universities.
Home of Laura Ingersoll Secord (marker on east side of Secord
property)
This stone marker was placed in 1901 by the Women’s Literary Club of
St. Catharines to honour Laura Secord and was rededicated in 1972 by
members of the Club on the occasion of their 80th annual pilgrimage.
Laura Ingersoll Secord 1775-1868 (plaque in front of Homestead)
Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Laura Ingersoll came to Upper
Canada with her father in 1795 and settled in this area. About two years
later she married James Secord, a United Empire Loyalist and within
seven years they had moved to this site from nearby St. David’s. From
here during the War of 1812 Laura set out on an arduous 19 mile
journey to warn the local British commander, Lieutenant James
Fitzgibbon, of an impending American attack. The courage and tenacity
displayed on this occasion in June, 1813, places her in the forefront of
the province’s heroines. Mrs. Secord’s house, a simple frame building,
was restored in 1971-72 and remains as a memorial to this exceptional
act of patriotism. Erected by the Archeological and Historic Sites Board,
Archives of Ontario.
Indians at Queenston Heights, October 13, 1812 (Plaque on a granite
boulder, west of Brock’s Cenotaph)
Warriors of the Six Nations of Iroquois, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas,
Cayugas, Senecas, Tuscaroras, mainly from the Grand River, fought as
allies of the British in this historic battle with the Americans. Speaking
distinctive dialects and with different religious beliefs, these Indians
were drawn together for the battle by John Norton. A resourceful and
courageous commander, Norton, a man of Cherokee and Scottish
ancestry, was a Mohawk (Teyoninhokawawen) by adoption. With John
Brant (Ahyouwaeghs), the youngest son of Joseph Brant
(Thayendanegea) and John Bearfoot, a veteran of the American
Revolutionary War. The Iroquois fought for their own survival as a
people and in support of the British. Erected by the Niagara Parks
Commission and the Queenston Community Association with the
assistance of the Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation October 12,
1980.
Brock’s Cenotaph
North side: Near the spot Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.C.B.,
Provisional Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, fell on the 12th of
October, 1812, while advancing to repel the invading enemy.
South side: This cenotaph was dedicated by the Prince of Wales (future
King Edward VII) His Royal Highness Albert Edward on the 18th
September, 1860.
Alfred (Bronze statue mounted on a sandstone base and in a glass
case, installed October 3rd, 1976 east of the cenotaph).
Early on the morning of October 13, 1812, after galloping seven miles
form Fort George, General Brock tethered his grey horse, Alfred, here in
the Village of Queenston in order lead a charge on foot to repel the
invading enemy. Brock was killed leading the attack. Colonel Macdonell
then took command until General Sheaffe could arrived from Fort George
with reinforcements. Macdonnell rode Alfred to lead another charge. He
was mortally wounded and Alfred was killed, part of the price of saving
Canada on that fateful day. (They also serve who only stand and wait.).
Presented to The Niagara Parks Commission by Mr. and Mrs. Steward G.
Bennett. Ralph Sketch sculptor. 1976
Queenston Heights Park
Major-General Roger Hale Sheaffe (Sculpture by Ralph Sketch, in
foyer of Queenston Heights Restaurant)
The Canada-United States border was not always as friendly as it is
today. Early on the morning of October 13, 1812, American troops
crossed the Niagara River from Lewiston. They established a strong
position on the heights above Queenston. General Brock led frontal
attacks to dislodge the invaders. He was killed during the morning. The
attacks gained time for General Sheaffe to bring the main body of troops
from Fort George. He marched them up the Niagara Escarpment
between Queenston and St. David’s. In the late afternoon, the powerful
flank attack drove the Americans back across the river. As many
prisoners were taken as the total of the British and Canadian force.
Niagara Parks Commission 1988.
Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe (1763-1851) (Plaque at Brock’s Monument)
On October 13, 1812, following Isaac Brock’s death in a preceding
assault, Major-General Sheaffe assumed command and led a successful
attack which dislodged an invading American force from Queenston
Heights. Born in Boston, Mass., Sheaffe was commissioned in the British
army in 1778 and fought in the American Revolution and the Napoleonic
Wars. Arriving in Upper Canada in 1812, he served as administrator of
the province 1812-13 and returned to England in the latter year. He was
created a baronet in 1813, attained the rank of general in 1838 and died
in Edinburgh, Scotland. Erected by the Ontario Archaeological and
Historic Sites Board 1959
The Battle of Queenston Heights (National Historic Site - Brock’s
Monument)
The village below you and the heights on which you are standing were
the stage for the famous battle of Queenston Heights. It took place
during the Anglo-American conflict 1812-1815 known as the War of
1812. During the early morning hours of October 13, 1812 an American
invasion force camped at Lewiston crossed the Niagara River and gained
control of the heights of Queenston. After many hours of fierce combat,
they were crushed by a combined force of British regulars, Canadian
militia and Indian warriors. This victory had a great significance. It
prevented for sometime the Americans from establishing a foothold in
Canada and it inspired confidence in Canadians that they could defend
an immense territory despite their meagre human and material
resources. Parks Canada
The Battle of Queenston Heights
In the early morning of 13 October 1812, American troops under Major-
General Stephen Van Rensellaer crossed the Niagara River and took
possession of Queenston Heights. Major-General Isaac Brock hurried
from Fort George to lead a small force against the invaders and was
killed in an attempt to regain the heights. In the afternoon, Major-
General Roger Hale Sheaffe with his force of British regulars, militia and
Indians from Fort George strengthened by reinforcements from
Chippawa, took the hill from the west flank, capturing 958 prisoners.
This celebrated victory ended the American offensive of 1812. Historic
Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Government of Canada” (text
also in French)
Battle of Queenston Heights (Engraving on plaque)
This battle ended in a complete Victory on the part of the British, having
captured 927 men, killed or wounded about 500. Taken 1400 Stand of
Arms, a six pounder and a stand of Colours.
Walking tour of Brock's Monument
A five station, self-guided tour on the battlefield presented by Parks
Canada.
Station 1: Attack (to the left of Laura Secord’s monument)
If you go to the lookout behind the Laura Secord monument you will see
across the river and slightly to your right the area where a huge
American force assembled for the invasion of Canada. In the early hours
of October 13, 1812, six hundred American soldiers crossed the river and
landed on the Canadian shore somewhere above the present docks.
Queenston was chosen as the target because it was an important point
on the British supply line and because the only other possible landing
spot was the heavily fortified area around Fort George. The invaders
were quickly pinned down on the landing area by heavy British gunfire.
British General Isaac Brock hastened from Fort George at the sound of
the cannons firing across the river. He quickly took charge sending for
reinforcements.
Station 2: A Treacherous River Cliff (across the Parkway from the
Ornamental Entrance Gate).
An unguarded trail up this steep cliff was the only route which the
Americans had to the heights of Queenston. The trail was to your right
but does not exist any longer. Trapped on the river shore by unrelenting
gunfire, the Americans contemplated a desperate action: the ascent of
this cliff. The British, positioned on a ledge between here and the Village
of Queenston did not detect the movement and the attackers took the
Heights by surprise. However, later in the battle this cliff became a cruel
barrier between the Americans and safety on the other shore.
Station 3: The Capture of the Redan and the Death of Brock (a short
distance from Station 2 beside a cannon)
On the river banks below here, the Americans were trapped. To the right
the Americans scaled the river cliff and seized the Heights above. To the
left the British held the Village of Queenston. A British 18-pounder
cannon situated here within an earthwork called a “redan”. On October
13, 1812, this cannon hindered the reinforcement of the American troops
trapped below. Arriving from Fort George, Major-General Brock came
here to direct the defence of Queenston and await reinforcements,
however the small enemy detachment which had scaled the cliffs behind
the redan made a surprise attack forcing the British to retreat into the
village. Brock led two hundred men in a counter-attack during which he
was mortally wounded. Another assault, led by Brock’s aide de camp,
John Macdonell, was repulsed by the Americans who were soon firmly in
control of the Heights.
(Additional plaque located near Station 3)
Near this spot Lieutenant-Colonel John Macdonell, Attorney-General of
Upper Canada, was mortally wounded 13th October, 1812. Erected by
Lundy’s Lane Historical Society 1906.
Station 4: The Counter Offensive Takes Shape (on the slope directly
above Mackenzie Heritage Printery and Newspaper Museum)
The Niagara Escarpment rises above you. British reinforcements arriving
here from Fort George in battle dress and exhausted from a double-
quick march, struggled up the slope some distance to your right. While
the Americans controlled Queenston Heights they were prevented from
properly establishing their position by the harassment of 120 Indians
under Chief John Norton. In the meantime regular British troops and
Canadian militia were arriving from Fort George and other outposts
under the direction of Major-General Roger Sheaffe. They climbed the
heights of Queenston and assembled for the last battle.
Station 5: The Decisive Battle (on the heights near Brock’s monument)
On the plateau before you, the British and Americans met for battle. The
British formed a line to your right, the Americans to your left. General
Sheaffe formed a British counter-offensive force of nine hundred men in
a line shoulder to shoulder. The Americans were slightly greater in
number but had not been reinforced with troops or arms since the arrival
of the Indians. They had to meet the British with their backs to the river
precipice. The British combined force advanced with fixed bayonets and
with no route of escape available, the Americans were forced to
surrender.
Brock's Monument
Brock’s Monument - Queenston Heights Battlefield
The monument towering above you is a memorial to Major-General Isaac
Brock, commander of British forces in Upper Canada at the beginning of
the War of 1812. Brock died on the slopes below Queenston Heights on
October 13, 1812, during an engagement between British and American
forces. It was a battle that had great significance for Canada. This
monument was constructed between 1853-56. It is 56 metres (185 ft)
high and is constructed entirely of cut stone. Parks Canada maintains
the monument as a national historic site.
Upper Canada (at Brock’s Monument)
Upper Canada has dedicated this monument to the memory of the late
Major-General Isaac Brock, K.B. provisional lieutenant-governor and
commander of the forces in the province whose remains are deposited in
the vault beneath. Opposing the invading enemy he fell in action near
these heights on 13 October 1812, in the forty-third year of his age.
Revered and lamented by the people whom he governed and deplored
by the sovereign to whose services his life had been devoted.
Inscription (inside monument)
A monument was originally erected on this spot by a grant from the
Parliament of this Province, and subsequently destroyed in the year
1840. The present monument was erected chiefly by the voluntary
contributions of the militia and Indian warriors of this province, aided by
a grant from the Legislature; authority for erecting the same being
delegated to a committee consisting of the following gentlemen:
Sir Allan Napier McNab, Bart, Chairman Sir James Buchanan Macaulay, Knt
The Honourable Mr. Justice McClean
The Hon. Walter H. Dixon
The Hon. William Hamilton Merritt, M.P.P.
Colonel, the Hon. James Kirby
Thomas Clark Street, Esq.
David Thorburn, Esq.
Lieutenant Garrett, Late Fort-Ninth Regiment
Col. Robert Hamilton
Capt. H. Monroe, Secretary
T.G. Ridout, Esq. Treasurer
William Thomas, Architect
John Worthington, Builder
Inscriptions (inside monument)
In the vault underneath are deposited the mortal remains of the
lamented Major-General Sir Isaac Brock K.B. who fell in action near these
heights on the 13th October, 1812, and was entombed on 16th October
at the bastion of Fort George, Niagara; removed from thence and re-
interred under a monument to the eastward of this site on 13th October
1824 and in consequence of that monument having received irreparable
damage by a lawless act on 17th April, 1840, it was found requisite to
take down the former structure and erect this monument, the foundation
stone being laid and the remains re-interred with due solemnity on the
13th October, 1853.
In a vault beneath are deposited the mortal remains of Lieutenant-
Colonel John Macdonell, P.A.D.C. and aide-de-camp to the lamented
Major-General Sir Isaac Brock K.B. who fell mortally wounded in the
Battle of Queenston on the 13th October 1812, and died the following
day. His remains were removed and re-interred with due solemnity on
the 13th October, 1853.
The “Colored Corps” 1812-1815 (Queenston Heights near Brock’s
monument)
When the War of 1812 began, people of African descent in the Niagara
peninsula feared an American invasion. They were anxious to preserve
their freedom and prove their loyalty to Britain. Many joined the militia;
others offered to raise their own militia company. Authorities responded
by forming a “Colored Corps” of about thirty men commanded by white
officers. Based in the Niagra region throughout the war, it fought at
Queenston Heights in October 1812 and at the siege of Fort George in
May 1813. The corps was disbanded soon after the peace, but had
nonetheless set a precedent. Black units were a feature of the Canadian
military until the First World War. Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry
of Culture, Tourism and Recreation
Fort Drummond (Queenston Heights Park near wading pool)
This small redoubt, or square fortification, and the U-shaped advance
battery, named in honour of Sir Gordon Drummond, were built in the late
spring of 1814 to defend the main Portage Road from Chippawa to
Queenston. The earthworks enclosed a blockhouse which sheltered 100
men. After the British at the Battle of Chippawa, these men abandoned
Fort Drummond and joined Major-General Riall’s forces retiring to Fort
George on 10 July 1814. For two weeks the fort and surrounding heights
were held by American forces. When they retreated to Lundy’s Lane, the
British reoccupied Fort Drummond. Historic Sites and Monuments Board
of Canada, Government of Canada (text also in French)
Laura Ingersoll Secord (Monument to right of Queenston Heights
Restaurant)
This monument has been erected by the Government of Canada to
Laura Ingersoll Secord who saved her husband’s life in the battle of
these heights October 13, 1812 and risked her own in conveying to
Captain Fitzgibbon information by which he won the victory of Beaver
Dams. Erected 1910.
Reverse side: James Secord, United Empire Loyalists, Born July 7, 1773
Died February 22, 1841. (This memorial is constructed of Vermont granite
with a bust in bronze and is 3.56 metres (twelve feet) high).
Brock’s Monument (river side of Parkway across from main entrance
to Queenston Heights Park)
This 56 metre (184 ft) monument completed in 1856 commemorates
Major-General Sir Isaac Brock’s heroic death at the Battle of Queenston
Heights October 13, 1812. Brock’s statue is 6.1 metres (20 ft) high is
sculpted in military fashion, right arm extended holding a baton, the left
resting on his sword. Erected by The Niagara Parks Commission
War of 1812
A look at some of the markers around Ontario
that commemorate Brock and the War of 1812
Niagara-on-the-lake
Fort George
Constructed by order of Lieutenant-Governor John G. Simcoe in 1796-99,
Fort George served as the headquarters for Major-General Brock in
1812. In 1813 it was bombarded and captured by the Americans who
constructed fortifications of their own on the site. These in turn were re-
taken by the British in December, 1813. In 1814 Ft George was
described as tumbling into ruins and ordered abandoned. The present
works are a re-construction done in 1837-40 and represent the fort as it
was in 1799-1813. Only the magazine of the original fort remains.
Fort George
There was a prevailing sense of insecurity on the Niagara Frontier in the
closing months of 1811 and the early months of 1812. War with the
United States seemed inevitable and military and civilians alike were
anxiously preparing for it. War did come and before it ended Fort George
was completely destroyed. Fort George was reconstructed between
1937-40 on the foundations of the original.
The Field House (near 15276 Niagara River Parkway)
One of the oldest brick houses in Ontario, this handsome Georgian
structure was built about 1800. Originally a farm house, it was the home
of Gilbert Field (1765-1815), a United Empire Loyalist who was in
possession of the land by 1790. During the War of 1812 the house was
used by British forces and was subjected to a brief bombardment from
an American battery.
Thought damaged it was one of few houses in the area to survive the
hostilities. It remained in the Field family until about 1925, after which it
passed through various hands. In 1968 the Ontario Heritage Foundation
acquired the property to ensure its continued preservation and twelve
years later the Field House was returned to private ownership with a
projective covenant. Erected by the Ontario Heritage Foundation,
Minister of Culture and Communications.
Brown’s Point (marker on Trail 2 miles south of Queenston)
Brown’s Inn was located here. Both the Canadian York Militia and the
American army bivouacked near here on separate occasions during the
War of 1812. Adam Brown later added a store to his inn and built a
wharf on the river shore below where sailing ships loaded settlers’
produced, potash and lime destined for Montreal and overseas. Erected
by the Niagara Parks Commission.
Brown’s Point (stone marker on trail 2 miles south of Queenston)
Here General Sir Isaac Brock called out on his way to Queenston Heights
13 October 1812, “Push On York Volunteers”. Stone marker placed by
the Niagara Historical Society in 1915.
Vrooman’s Battery (National Historic Site - Parkway near 14759
Niagara River Parkway, Queenston)
Manned by Captain Samuel Hatt’s 5th Lincoln Militia Regiment and a
small party of Lincoln Militia Artillery under Lieutenant John Ball, and
consisting of a 24 pounder cannon mounted within a crescent-shaped
earthwork, this battery was engaged in the Battle Queenston Heights
on the 13th October, 1812. Commanding the Niagara River, its
continuous fire harassed the Americans crossing from Lewiston, provided
cover for the British when they were first repulsed from the heights and
supported later attempts to regain them. Historic Sites and Monuments
Board of Canada Government of Canada 1929.
Queenston
Major John Richardson 1796-1852 (on grounds of Laura Secord
Elementary School)
This pioneer historian, author and soldier was born in Queenston. His
family moved to Amherstburg about 1802 and at the outbreak of the
War of 1812 Richardson joined the British army. Retired at half-pay in
London, England, he published the epic poem “Tecumseh” and the
celebrated historical novel “Wacousta” which established his literary
reputation. In 1838 Richardson returned to Upper Canada where he
published two weekly newspapers, the New Era 1841-42 and the
Canadian Loyalist 1844. His later works “Eight Years in Canada” and
“The War of 1812" provided invaluable historical information. In 1848 he
moved to New York City where he died in poverty. Erected by the
Archeological and Historic Sites Board 1960.
Queenston Baptist Church
In 1808 the Reverend Elkanah Holmes, a missionary from the United
States, had organized the first Baptist congregation in Queenston.
Following the War of 1812 the congregation declined, was recognized in
1831 and between 1842-45 erected this rough-cut limestone structure
as its church. It is an early and interesting example of a Gothic revival
style in this province. The church had closed by 1918 and in 1928 was
sold to the Women’s Institute which occupied the building until 1954. In
1970 it was acquired by Dr. Djamal Afrukhteh who donated it to the
Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake. After a fund-rising campaign by the
Queenston Community Association the building was removed and in
December 1972 was officially opened as the Queenston Library and
Community Centre. Erected by the Archeological and Historic Sites Board
Ministry of Colleges and Universities
The Founding of Queenston (East side of Queenston Street just north
of Laura Secord Homestead)
Following the loss after the American Revolution of the Niagara River’s
east bank, a new portage around Niagara Falls was established in the
1780s with Queenston its northern terminus. Wharves, storehouses and
a blockhouse were built. Robert Hamilton, a prominent merchant,
considered the village’s founder, operated a thriving trans-shipment
business. Known as the lower landing, it was named Queenston by
Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe. During the War of 1812 the village was
badly damaged. Here lived such well-known figures as Laura Secord and
William Lyon Mackenzie. Despite loss of commerce following the opening
of the Welland Canal in 1829, Queenston later served as a terminus for
the province’s first horse-drawn railway. Queenston was incorporated
into the Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake in 1970. Erected by the
Archeological and Historic Sties Board Ministry of Colleges and
Universities.
Home of Laura Ingersoll Secord (marker on east side of Secord
property)
This stone marker was placed in 1901 by the Women’s Literary Club of
St. Catharines to honour Laura Secord and was rededicated in 1972 by
members of the Club on the occasion of their 80th annual pilgrimage.
Laura Ingersoll Secord 1775-1868 (plaque in front of Homestead)
Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Laura Ingersoll came to Upper
Canada with her father in 1795 and settled in this area. About two years
later she married James Secord, a United Empire Loyalist and within
seven years they had moved to this site from nearby St. David’s. From
here during the War of 1812 Laura set out on an arduous 19 mile
journey to warn the local British commander, Lieutenant James
Fitzgibbon, of an impending American attack. The courage and tenacity
displayed on this occasion in June, 1813, places her in the forefront of
the province’s heroines. Mrs. Secord’s house, a simple frame building,
was restored in 1971-72 and remains as a memorial to this exceptional
act of patriotism. Erected by the Archeological and Historic Sites Board,
Archives of Ontario.
Indians at Queenston Heights, October 13, 1812 (Plaque on a granite
boulder, west of Brock’s Cenotaph)
Warriors of the Six Nations of Iroquois, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas,
Cayugas, Senecas, Tuscaroras, mainly from the Grand River, fought as
allies of the British in this historic battle with the Americans. Speaking
distinctive dialects and with different religious beliefs, these Indians
were drawn together for the battle by John Norton. A resourceful and
courageous commander, Norton, a man of Cherokee and Scottish
ancestry, was a Mohawk (Teyoninhokawawen) by adoption. With John
Brant (Ahyouwaeghs), the youngest son of Joseph Brant
(Thayendanegea) and John Bearfoot, a veteran of the American
Revolutionary War. The Iroquois fought for their own survival as a
people and in support of the British. Erected by the Niagara Parks
Commission and the Queenston Community Association with the
assistance of the Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation October 12,
1980.
Brock’s Cenotaph
North side: Near the spot Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.C.B.,
Provisional Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, fell on the 12th of
October, 1812, while advancing to repel the invading enemy.
South side: This cenotaph was dedicated by the Prince of Wales (future
King Edward VII) His Royal Highness Albert Edward on the 18th
September, 1860.
Alfred (Bronze statue mounted on a sandstone base and in a glass
case, installed October 3rd, 1976 east of the cenotaph).
Early on the morning of October 13, 1812, after galloping seven miles
form Fort George, General Brock tethered his grey horse, Alfred, here in
the Village of Queenston in order lead a charge on foot to repel the
invading enemy. Brock was killed leading the attack. Colonel Macdonell
then took command until General Sheaffe could arrived from Fort George
with reinforcements. Macdonnell rode Alfred to lead another charge. He
was mortally wounded and Alfred was killed, part of the price of saving
Canada on that fateful day. (They also serve who only stand and wait.).
Presented to The Niagara Parks Commission by Mr. and Mrs. Steward G.
Bennett. Ralph Sketch sculptor. 1976
Queenston Heights Park
Major-General Roger Hale Sheaffe (Sculpture by Ralph Sketch, in
foyer of Queenston Heights Restaurant)
The Canada-United States border was not always as friendly as it is
today. Early on the morning of October 13, 1812, American troops
crossed the Niagara River from Lewiston. They established a strong
position on the heights above Queenston. General Brock led frontal
attacks to dislodge the invaders. He was killed during the morning. The
attacks gained time for General Sheaffe to bring the main body of troops
from Fort George. He marched them up the Niagara Escarpment
between Queenston and St. David’s. In the late afternoon, the powerful
flank attack drove the Americans back across the river. As many
prisoners were taken as the total of the British and Canadian force.
Niagara Parks Commission 1988.
Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe (1763-1851) (Plaque at Brock’s Monument)
On October 13, 1812, following Isaac Brock’s death in a preceding
assault, Major-General Sheaffe assumed command and led a successful
attack which dislodged an invading American force from Queenston
Heights. Born in Boston, Mass., Sheaffe was commissioned in the British
army in 1778 and fought in the American Revolution and the Napoleonic
Wars. Arriving in Upper Canada in 1812, he served as administrator of
the province 1812-13 and returned to England in the latter year. He was
created a baronet in 1813, attained the rank of general in 1838 and died
in Edinburgh, Scotland. Erected by the Ontario Archaeological and
Historic Sites Board 1959
The Battle of Queenston Heights (National Historic Site - Brock’s
Monument)
The village below you and the heights on which you are standing were
the stage for the famous battle of Queenston Heights. It took place
during the Anglo-American conflict 1812-1815 known as the War of
1812. During the early morning hours of October 13, 1812 an American
invasion force camped at Lewiston crossed the Niagara River and gained
control of the heights of Queenston. After many hours of fierce combat,
they were crushed by a combined force of British regulars, Canadian
militia and Indian warriors. This victory had a great significance. It
prevented for sometime the Americans from establishing a foothold in
Canada and it inspired confidence in Canadians that they could defend
an immense territory despite their meagre human and material
resources. Parks Canada
The Battle of Queenston Heights
In the early morning of 13 October 1812, American troops under Major-
General Stephen Van Rensellaer crossed the Niagara River and took
possession of Queenston Heights. Major-General Isaac Brock hurried
from Fort George to lead a small force against the invaders and was
killed in an attempt to regain the heights. In the afternoon, Major-
General Roger Hale Sheaffe with his force of British regulars, militia and
Indians from Fort George strengthened by reinforcements from
Chippawa, took the hill from the west flank, capturing 958 prisoners.
This celebrated victory ended the American offensive of 1812. Historic
Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Government of Canada” (text
also in French)
Battle of Queenston Heights (Engraving on plaque)
This battle ended in a complete Victory on the part of the British, having
captured 927 men, killed or wounded about 500. Taken 1400 Stand of
Arms, a six pounder and a stand of Colours.
Walking tour of Brock's Monument
A five station, self-guided tour on the battlefield presented by Parks
Canada.
Station 1: Attack (to the left of Laura Secord’s monument)
If you go to the lookout behind the Laura Secord monument you will see
across the river and slightly to your right the area where a huge
American force assembled for the invasion of Canada. In the early hours
of October 13, 1812, six hundred American soldiers crossed the river and
landed on the Canadian shore somewhere above the present docks.
Queenston was chosen as the target because it was an important point
on the British supply line and because the only other possible landing
spot was the heavily fortified area around Fort George. The invaders
were quickly pinned down on the landing area by heavy British gunfire.
British General Isaac Brock hastened from Fort George at the sound of
the cannons firing across the river. He quickly took charge sending for
reinforcements.
Station 2: A Treacherous River Cliff (across the Parkway from the
Ornamental Entrance Gate).
An unguarded trail up this steep cliff was the only route which the
Americans had to the heights of Queenston. The trail was to your right
but does not exist any longer. Trapped on the river shore by unrelenting
gunfire, the Americans contemplated a desperate action: the ascent of
this cliff. The British, positioned on a ledge between here and the Village
of Queenston did not detect the movement and the attackers took the
Heights by surprise. However, later in the battle this cliff became a cruel
barrier between the Americans and safety on the other shore.
Station 3: The Capture of the Redan and the Death of Brock (a short
distance from Station 2 beside a cannon)
On the river banks below here, the Americans were trapped. To the right
the Americans scaled the river cliff and seized the Heights above. To the
left the British held the Village of Queenston. A British 18-pounder
cannon situated here within an earthwork called a “redan”. On October
13, 1812, this cannon hindered the reinforcement of the American troops
trapped below. Arriving from Fort George, Major-General Brock came
here to direct the defence of Queenston and await reinforcements,
however the small enemy detachment which had scaled the cliffs behind
the redan made a surprise attack forcing the British to retreat into the
village. Brock led two hundred men in a counter-attack during which he
was mortally wounded. Another assault, led by Brock’s aide de camp,
John Macdonell, was repulsed by the Americans who were soon firmly in
control of the Heights.
(Additional plaque located near Station 3)
Near this spot Lieutenant-Colonel John Macdonell, Attorney-General of
Upper Canada, was mortally wounded 13th October, 1812. Erected by
Lundy’s Lane Historical Society 1906.
Station 4: The Counter Offensive Takes Shape (on the slope directly
above Mackenzie Heritage Printery and Newspaper Museum)
The Niagara Escarpment rises above you. British reinforcements arriving
here from Fort George in battle dress and exhausted from a double-
quick march, struggled up the slope some distance to your right. While
the Americans controlled Queenston Heights they were prevented from
properly establishing their position by the harassment of 120 Indians
under Chief John Norton. In the meantime regular British troops and
Canadian militia were arriving from Fort George and other outposts
under the direction of Major-General Roger Sheaffe. They climbed the
heights of Queenston and assembled for the last battle.
Station 5: The Decisive Battle (on the heights near Brock’s monument)
On the plateau before you, the British and Americans met for battle. The
British formed a line to your right, the Americans to your left. General
Sheaffe formed a British counter-offensive force of nine hundred men in
a line shoulder to shoulder. The Americans were slightly greater in
number but had not been reinforced with troops or arms since the arrival
of the Indians. They had to meet the British with their backs to the river
precipice. The British combined force advanced with fixed bayonets and
with no route of escape available, the Americans were forced to
surrender.
Brock's Monument
Brock’s Monument - Queenston Heights Battlefield
The monument towering above you is a memorial to Major-General Isaac
Brock, commander of British forces in Upper Canada at the beginning of
the War of 1812. Brock died on the slopes below Queenston Heights on
October 13, 1812, during an engagement between British and American
forces. It was a battle that had great significance for Canada. This
monument was constructed between 1853-56. It is 56 metres (185 ft)
high and is constructed entirely of cut stone. Parks Canada maintains
the monument as a national historic site.
Upper Canada (at Brock’s Monument)
Upper Canada has dedicated this monument to the memory of the late
Major-General Isaac Brock, K.B. provisional lieutenant-governor and
commander of the forces in the province whose remains are deposited in
the vault beneath. Opposing the invading enemy he fell in action near
these heights on 13 October 1812, in the forty-third year of his age.
Revered and lamented by the people whom he governed and deplored
by the sovereign to whose services his life had been devoted.
Inscription (inside monument)
A monument was originally erected on this spot by a grant from the
Parliament of this Province, and subsequently destroyed in the year
1840. The present monument was erected chiefly by the voluntary
contributions of the militia and Indian warriors of this province, aided by
a grant from the Legislature; authority for erecting the same being
delegated to a committee consisting of the following gentlemen:
Sir Allan Napier McNab, Bart, Chairman Sir James Buchanan Macaulay, Knt
The Honourable Mr. Justice McClean
The Hon. Walter H. Dixon
The Hon. William Hamilton Merritt, M.P.P.
Colonel, the Hon. James Kirby
Thomas Clark Street, Esq.
David Thorburn, Esq.
Lieutenant Garrett, Late Fort-Ninth Regiment
Col. Robert Hamilton
Capt. H. Monroe, Secretary
T.G. Ridout, Esq. Treasurer
William Thomas, Architect
John Worthington, Builder
Inscriptions (inside monument)
In the vault underneath are deposited the mortal remains of the
lamented Major-General Sir Isaac Brock K.B. who fell in action near these
heights on the 13th October, 1812, and was entombed on 16th October
at the bastion of Fort George, Niagara; removed from thence and re-
interred under a monument to the eastward of this site on 13th October
1824 and in consequence of that monument having received irreparable
damage by a lawless act on 17th April, 1840, it was found requisite to
take down the former structure and erect this monument, the foundation
stone being laid and the remains re-interred with due solemnity on the
13th October, 1853.
In a vault beneath are deposited the mortal remains of Lieutenant-
Colonel John Macdonell, P.A.D.C. and aide-de-camp to the lamented
Major-General Sir Isaac Brock K.B. who fell mortally wounded in the
Battle of Queenston on the 13th October 1812, and died the following
day. His remains were removed and re-interred with due solemnity on
the 13th October, 1853.
The “Colored Corps” 1812-1815 (Queenston Heights near Brock’s
monument)
When the War of 1812 began, people of African descent in the Niagara
peninsula feared an American invasion. They were anxious to preserve
their freedom and prove their loyalty to Britain. Many joined the militia;
others offered to raise their own militia company. Authorities responded
by forming a “Colored Corps” of about thirty men commanded by white
officers. Based in the Niagra region throughout the war, it fought at
Queenston Heights in October 1812 and at the siege of Fort George in
May 1813. The corps was disbanded soon after the peace, but had
nonetheless set a precedent. Black units were a feature of the Canadian
military until the First World War. Ontario Heritage Foundation, Ministry
of Culture, Tourism and Recreation
Fort Drummond (Queenston Heights Park near wading pool)
This small redoubt, or square fortification, and the U-shaped advance
battery, named in honour of Sir Gordon Drummond, were built in the late
spring of 1814 to defend the main Portage Road from Chippawa to
Queenston. The earthworks enclosed a blockhouse which sheltered 100
men. After the British at the Battle of Chippawa, these men abandoned
Fort Drummond and joined Major-General Riall’s forces retiring to Fort
George on 10 July 1814. For two weeks the fort and surrounding heights
were held by American forces. When they retreated to Lundy’s Lane, the
British reoccupied Fort Drummond. Historic Sites and Monuments Board
of Canada, Government of Canada (text also in French)
Laura Ingersoll Secord (Monument to right of Queenston Heights
Restaurant)
This monument has been erected by the Government of Canada to
Laura Ingersoll Secord who saved her husband’s life in the battle of
these heights October 13, 1812 and risked her own in conveying to
Captain Fitzgibbon information by which he won the victory of Beaver
Dams. Erected 1910.
Reverse side: James Secord, United Empire Loyalists, Born July 7, 1773
Died February 22, 1841. (This memorial is constructed of Vermont granite
with a bust in bronze and is 3.56 metres (twelve feet) high).
Brock’s Monument (river side of Parkway across from main entrance
to Queenston Heights Park)
This 56 metre (184 ft) monument completed in 1856 commemorates
Major-General Sir Isaac Brock’s heroic death at the Battle of Queenston
Heights October 13, 1812. Brock’s statue is 6.1 metres (20 ft) high is
sculpted in military fashion, right arm extended holding a baton, the left
resting on his sword. Erected by The Niagara Parks Commission